1. Using Documents C, D, and E (page 2 - all numbers referred to are the big hand written page numbers) explain how Lenin and Stalin worked to secure the supremacy of the party.
Lenin secured the supremacy of the party by making it more cohesive. He made it illegal to say anything bad about the party. So by limiting the freedom of speech, he also suppressed his enemies. Document D shows that Stalin believes in order for the party to become strong it must purge itself of reformists and opportunists. These are probably just people who STalin does not like. Souce E is Bolshevik propaganda showing two men (labeled Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries) trying to hold back a large man who represent the revolution. The message is that the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries were enemies of the revolution.
2. In what ways do Documents A, B and C (pages 3 - 4) support the assertion made in Document C that "Lenin wanted power, Lenin's rivals did not want it"?
Document A shows that Lenin wanted power. The whole document is about how Lenin will get power and the Provisonal government should be ignored. So clearly he wants to be in power. According to Document B shows that the rest of the Petrograd Soviet does not want power. It is essentially saying that the Provisional Government can keep ruling as long asa it gives up territorial expansion. Document C definitely supports the assertion. It shows that the Mensheviks thought there was no party willing to take power, but Lenin wanted it.
3. What can be inferred from Document D (page 4) about the following?
a: Why soldiers wanted to go home
They were mistreated, and they no longer wanted to fight. They just wanted freedom and land. They wanted to go home and be peaceful and they no longer cared for the state.
b: Why the soldiers now supported the Bolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks promised Peace Bread and Land. Those were the exact things that the soldiers wanted
Friday, October 29, 2010
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Lenin in Power 2
1. Read Source 20. What aspects of War Communism are the sailors most angry about? Would you expect peasants in Russia to feel the same?
The soldiers were angry about the actions of the Cheka and their lack of freedom. The peasants probably felt the same, they were just too afraid to say so, because they would be arrested by the Cheka.
2. Does the evidence of Source 23 prove the NEP was a success? Explain your answer with reference to Sources 22, 24 and 25.
To a certain extent. Although production under the NEP was greater than with war communism, according to 25, conditions in factories did not improve much.
3. From all you have found about Lenin, do you agree with Source 26? Why or why not?
I agree that he really changed the 20th century, and I agree that he was great, but not good. I don't think he really had the workers in mind in his rule. I think he was just pursuing the idea of communism because he thought it was cool, not because he really wanted to improve the conditions of the common people.
How did the Bolsheviks consolidate their rule?
4. Write an explanation of how the Bolsheviks made their rule more secure. Mention the following:
The power of the Red Army P
Treatment of oppostion P
War Communism P
The New Economic Policy P
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk P
The victory in the Civil War P
The Promise of a new society P
Propaganda P
Is any one of the above factors more important than any of the others? Explain.
To consolidate their rule the Bolsheviks needed to get rid of the opposition, and get the people on their side. The Bolsheviks were able to get rid of the opposition (the Whites), because they had a very organized army. The Red Army was much more powerful and organized than the white armies. The Red Army supported itself through War Communism. The Army and Cheka were ruthless in arresting or hanging anyone who disagreed with them.
To be completely secure, the Bolsheviks also wanted to get the people on their side. FIrst, they had to end the war with Germany, which they did in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the resulting civil war, the Bolsheviks used propaganda and the promise of a new society. The Bolsheviks reminded the peasants of the terrible conditions they endured under the Tsar, and said the Tsar would return if the Whites won. However, the policy of war communism was creating a famine and also the Kronstadt rebellion. So Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy to increase production.
The soldiers were angry about the actions of the Cheka and their lack of freedom. The peasants probably felt the same, they were just too afraid to say so, because they would be arrested by the Cheka.
2. Does the evidence of Source 23 prove the NEP was a success? Explain your answer with reference to Sources 22, 24 and 25.
To a certain extent. Although production under the NEP was greater than with war communism, according to 25, conditions in factories did not improve much.
3. From all you have found about Lenin, do you agree with Source 26? Why or why not?
I agree that he really changed the 20th century, and I agree that he was great, but not good. I don't think he really had the workers in mind in his rule. I think he was just pursuing the idea of communism because he thought it was cool, not because he really wanted to improve the conditions of the common people.
How did the Bolsheviks consolidate their rule?
4. Write an explanation of how the Bolsheviks made their rule more secure. Mention the following:
The power of the Red Army P
Treatment of oppostion P
War Communism P
The New Economic Policy P
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk P
The victory in the Civil War P
The Promise of a new society P
Propaganda P
Is any one of the above factors more important than any of the others? Explain.
To consolidate their rule the Bolsheviks needed to get rid of the opposition, and get the people on their side. The Bolsheviks were able to get rid of the opposition (the Whites), because they had a very organized army. The Red Army was much more powerful and organized than the white armies. The Red Army supported itself through War Communism. The Army and Cheka were ruthless in arresting or hanging anyone who disagreed with them.
To be completely secure, the Bolsheviks also wanted to get the people on their side. FIrst, they had to end the war with Germany, which they did in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the resulting civil war, the Bolsheviks used propaganda and the promise of a new society. The Bolsheviks reminded the peasants of the terrible conditions they endured under the Tsar, and said the Tsar would return if the Whites won. However, the policy of war communism was creating a famine and also the Kronstadt rebellion. So Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy to increase production.
Monday, October 25, 2010
Lenin in power
Lenin in Power Labels: Lenin, Sovnarkom, Cheka, Brest-Litovsk, Russian_Civil_War, White_Army, Red_Army
1. What was the Sovnarkom?
The Council Of peoples' commissars
2. Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk bad for Russia?
Russia lost 34% of its population, 32% of its agricultural land, 54% of its industry, 26% of its railways and 89% of its coal mines
3. Who were the "Whites"?
Anyone who did not like the Bolsheviks, including Britain, USA, Japan and France.
4.. Read Source 3. What evidence does it provide of Lenin's
a) political skill
Source 3 shows that Lenin is very aware of what his enemies are trying to do, and he is trying to stop it.
b) ruthlessness
Lenin is willing to use "special methods" which probably means assassinatating everyone.
5. Use Sources 5 and 7 to describe how the Civil War affected ordinary peopl
The civil war affected most people negatively. Many innocent people were killed by both sides. Most people probabley hated each side equally, although source 5 says that pesants hated the Bolsheviks. I think the pesants really did not care which side one, because both sides were taking their food, and killing them, and either way they would be oppressed.
6. "Most Russians saw the Bolsheviks as the lesser of two evils." With reference to Sources 5, 7, 13 and 16 explain whether or not you agree with this statement or not.
I agree with this statement. Most Russians, although they did not like having their grain taken away, really did not want the Tsar or the landlords back in power. They had just revolted in February, so they clearly did not want the Tsar to come back. Also, according to source 16, the Whites killed many more peasents then the Reds.
1. What was the Sovnarkom?
The Council Of peoples' commissars
2. Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk bad for Russia?
Russia lost 34% of its population, 32% of its agricultural land, 54% of its industry, 26% of its railways and 89% of its coal mines
3. Who were the "Whites"?
Anyone who did not like the Bolsheviks, including Britain, USA, Japan and France.
4.. Read Source 3. What evidence does it provide of Lenin's
a) political skill
Source 3 shows that Lenin is very aware of what his enemies are trying to do, and he is trying to stop it.
b) ruthlessness
Lenin is willing to use "special methods" which probably means assassinatating everyone.
5. Use Sources 5 and 7 to describe how the Civil War affected ordinary peopl
The civil war affected most people negatively. Many innocent people were killed by both sides. Most people probabley hated each side equally, although source 5 says that pesants hated the Bolsheviks. I think the pesants really did not care which side one, because both sides were taking their food, and killing them, and either way they would be oppressed.
6. "Most Russians saw the Bolsheviks as the lesser of two evils." With reference to Sources 5, 7, 13 and 16 explain whether or not you agree with this statement or not.
I agree with this statement. Most Russians, although they did not like having their grain taken away, really did not want the Tsar or the landlords back in power. They had just revolted in February, so they clearly did not want the Tsar to come back. Also, according to source 16, the Whites killed many more peasents then the Reds.
Sunday, October 24, 2010
October 1917 Revolution
How effective was the Provisional Government?
1. Here is a list of some decisions that faced the Provisional Government when it took over in March 1917:
-- What to do about the war: Continued to fight with Germany. Soldiers began to desert. Army falling apart against German counter-attack.
-- What to do about land: Told the peasents to wait. Peasents start taking control of the countryside. Soldiers rush home to claim land.
-- What to do about food: No support from peasents, therefore no food.
For each one, say how the government dealt with it, and what the result of the action was.
2. Look for evidence in the reading of how the actions of its opponents harmed the Provisional Government:
-- Members of the soviets
-- Bolsheviks: July Days rebellion
-- General Kornilov: Tried to destroy the government
3. Based on your answers to questions 1 & 2, how effective do you think the Provisional Government was? Your answer should be at least two paragraphs. Make sure you provide key details and analysis.
The Provisional government was not effective. It failed at the three main problems facing it: the war, land, and food for the people. The provisional government wanted to continue the war with Germany. However many soldiers were desterting. Kerensky tried to raise morale by having an offensive, but it was a disaster. The Germans then counterattacked, and there was even more deserting. The deserters returned to their farm to claim land.
The Provisional government also failed at dividing land among the peasents. Rather than wait for the Provisional Government to do it for them, many peasents began claiming land themselves. This demonstrates the PG's powerlessness.
The PG also failed to supply people with food. Because they PG tried to stop the peasents from getting land, it had angered them. The PG could not get food into the cities, which also angered the workers.
Read the .pdf file Lenin & Trotsky, then:
The Appeal of Lenin and Trotsky
1. Using Sources 42 - 44, and the Profile of Lenin, add extra details to the profile of Lenin:
-- Why Lenin appealed to people: He did not look like an intellectual. He looked like a normal person. Brilliant speeches.
-- His personal qualities: "Iron will," ambitious, used people as tools to accomplish his goals.
-- His strengths as a leader: graduated from St. Petersburg University. Led Bolsheviks to power in 1917. Organized Bolsheviks. Often worked behind the scenes.
2. Using Sources 45 - 47, and the Profile of Trotsky, add extra details to the profile of Trotsky:
-- Why Trotsky appealed to people: Spoke to the people using examples that they could understand. Great orator, very intelligent. Some people thought of him as the leader of the revolution.
-- His personal qualities: brilliant, great writer and orator
-- His strengths as a leader: played a key role in the Bolshevik revolution 1917, 1918 as Commissar of War, led Bolsheviks to victory in the Civil War.
3. Finally, write a short report on the contribution of each individual to the Bolsheviks' success in 1917.
Lenin convinced other Bolshevik leaders that they should revolutionize. Trotsky led the Red Guards and took control of Petrograd.
1. Here is a list of some decisions that faced the Provisional Government when it took over in March 1917:
-- What to do about the war: Continued to fight with Germany. Soldiers began to desert. Army falling apart against German counter-attack.
-- What to do about land: Told the peasents to wait. Peasents start taking control of the countryside. Soldiers rush home to claim land.
-- What to do about food: No support from peasents, therefore no food.
For each one, say how the government dealt with it, and what the result of the action was.
2. Look for evidence in the reading of how the actions of its opponents harmed the Provisional Government:
-- Members of the soviets
-- Bolsheviks: July Days rebellion
-- General Kornilov: Tried to destroy the government
3. Based on your answers to questions 1 & 2, how effective do you think the Provisional Government was? Your answer should be at least two paragraphs. Make sure you provide key details and analysis.
The Provisional government was not effective. It failed at the three main problems facing it: the war, land, and food for the people. The provisional government wanted to continue the war with Germany. However many soldiers were desterting. Kerensky tried to raise morale by having an offensive, but it was a disaster. The Germans then counterattacked, and there was even more deserting. The deserters returned to their farm to claim land.
The Provisional government also failed at dividing land among the peasents. Rather than wait for the Provisional Government to do it for them, many peasents began claiming land themselves. This demonstrates the PG's powerlessness.
The PG also failed to supply people with food. Because they PG tried to stop the peasents from getting land, it had angered them. The PG could not get food into the cities, which also angered the workers.
Read the .pdf file Lenin & Trotsky, then:
The Appeal of Lenin and Trotsky
1. Using Sources 42 - 44, and the Profile of Lenin, add extra details to the profile of Lenin:
-- Why Lenin appealed to people: He did not look like an intellectual. He looked like a normal person. Brilliant speeches.
-- His personal qualities: "Iron will," ambitious, used people as tools to accomplish his goals.
-- His strengths as a leader: graduated from St. Petersburg University. Led Bolsheviks to power in 1917. Organized Bolsheviks. Often worked behind the scenes.
2. Using Sources 45 - 47, and the Profile of Trotsky, add extra details to the profile of Trotsky:
-- Why Trotsky appealed to people: Spoke to the people using examples that they could understand. Great orator, very intelligent. Some people thought of him as the leader of the revolution.
-- His personal qualities: brilliant, great writer and orator
-- His strengths as a leader: played a key role in the Bolshevik revolution 1917, 1918 as Commissar of War, led Bolsheviks to victory in the Civil War.
3. Finally, write a short report on the contribution of each individual to the Bolsheviks' success in 1917.
Lenin convinced other Bolshevik leaders that they should revolutionize. Trotsky led the Red Guards and took control of Petrograd.
Thursday, October 7, 2010
Lenin and the Bolsheviks Take Power
1. Why was Lenin reluctant to compromise with the Mensheviks or Socialist Revolutionaries?
He thought their willingness to compromise with the provisional government would ruin his revolutionary agenda.
2. List two reasons why the Provisional Government under Kerensky could not govern.
He was trusted by neither the liberal democrats or the socialists. There was also a coup attempted by Kornilov.
3. The Bolsheviks did not have a majority at the Congress of Soviets after the October Revolution. How did they manage to assume power?
The SR's and Mensheviks walked out of the congress in protest of the over-throw of the provisional government. The Bolsheviks had the conference without them.
4. What did the Bolsheviks have to give up in order to get out of World War I? What was the name of the Treaty?
Russia lost Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic states in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
5. What was the Checka?
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Struggle Against Counter-revolution
6. What supporters joined the Red Army? White Army?
Former members of the middle and upper class joined the white army, as well as former officers in the Tsar's army
7. How many Russians died during the Civil War? How many emigrated to other countries?
13 million Russians died, 2 million emigrated.
He thought their willingness to compromise with the provisional government would ruin his revolutionary agenda.
2. List two reasons why the Provisional Government under Kerensky could not govern.
He was trusted by neither the liberal democrats or the socialists. There was also a coup attempted by Kornilov.
3. The Bolsheviks did not have a majority at the Congress of Soviets after the October Revolution. How did they manage to assume power?
The SR's and Mensheviks walked out of the congress in protest of the over-throw of the provisional government. The Bolsheviks had the conference without them.
4. What did the Bolsheviks have to give up in order to get out of World War I? What was the name of the Treaty?
Russia lost Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic states in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
5. What was the Checka?
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Struggle Against Counter-revolution
6. What supporters joined the Red Army? White Army?
Former members of the middle and upper class joined the white army, as well as former officers in the Tsar's army
7. How many Russians died during the Civil War? How many emigrated to other countries?
13 million Russians died, 2 million emigrated.
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
Russia: Revolutionary Period, 1905-1917
1. Peter Stolypin believed that the crown's survival depended on what two factors?
restoration of order, and cooperation with the duma.
2. What was the "Stolypin's necktie"?
a noose
3. Economic conditions between 1910 and 1914 in Russia were mixed.
a. What are examples of the postive economic conditions?
Renewed growth of foreign and Russian industries. Increase in iron and coal production. Russia was world's largest grain exporter.
b. What are examples of negative economic conditions?
nine thousand strikes. 17,000 peasant disturbances.
4. List three ways that Russia financed its costs during World War I.
increasing taxes, foreign loans, increasing supply of paper money 6X
5. Why was Rasputin an important figure? How was he regarded by many Russians?
He was the spiritual guru of the Tzar and the Tzarina. Most Russian hated him or were suspicious of him, do to his lewd behavior and wild orgies.
6. List two reasons why workers called for a change of government in the winter of 1916-17.
There were famines and people were starving. It was also a very cold winter and there was a shortage of fuel.
7. Why was the soldiers' mutiny of February 27 so important?
The soldier's mutiny showed that even the soldier's, whose job it is to protect the country, no longer supported the Tsar.
8. How did the Soviet gain the loyality of the soldiers?
The Soviet promised that the soldiers would not be in trouble, and would be immune.
9. List five of the political reforms of the Provisional Government.
outlawed capital punishment, reformed judicial system, granted freedom of assembly, press, speech, and universal suffrage.
restoration of order, and cooperation with the duma.
2. What was the "Stolypin's necktie"?
a noose
3. Economic conditions between 1910 and 1914 in Russia were mixed.
a. What are examples of the postive economic conditions?
Renewed growth of foreign and Russian industries. Increase in iron and coal production. Russia was world's largest grain exporter.
b. What are examples of negative economic conditions?
nine thousand strikes. 17,000 peasant disturbances.
4. List three ways that Russia financed its costs during World War I.
increasing taxes, foreign loans, increasing supply of paper money 6X
5. Why was Rasputin an important figure? How was he regarded by many Russians?
He was the spiritual guru of the Tzar and the Tzarina. Most Russian hated him or were suspicious of him, do to his lewd behavior and wild orgies.
6. List two reasons why workers called for a change of government in the winter of 1916-17.
There were famines and people were starving. It was also a very cold winter and there was a shortage of fuel.
7. Why was the soldiers' mutiny of February 27 so important?
The soldier's mutiny showed that even the soldier's, whose job it is to protect the country, no longer supported the Tsar.
8. How did the Soviet gain the loyality of the soldiers?
The Soviet promised that the soldiers would not be in trouble, and would be immune.
9. List five of the political reforms of the Provisional Government.
outlawed capital punishment, reformed judicial system, granted freedom of assembly, press, speech, and universal suffrage.
Russian Revolution 1900-1917
1. Modernization was needed to make Russia a world power and increase its military strength. Also, industrialization would prevent peasants from starving, and factories would give unemployed people places to work.
2. IF all the peasents lived in cities, it would be easier for them to make a concerted revolt. The peasents might need to be better educated, which made them more likely to challenge the Tzar. Most industrialized countries at the time had parliaments.
3. Witte invested in railways and other industries.
4. It was not successful because in 1902 there were peasent revolts and there was wide-spread violence due to a bad harvest.
1. Longterm causes: Alienated intelligentsia, revolutionaries, opression of minorities, opression of peasents, and oppression of workers. SHort-term causes: Bloody sunday
2. The catalyst for the 1905 revolution was the Russo-Japanese war. The war caused shortages in food and fuel, as well as high prices and unemployment.
3. Wide-spread strikes throughout the country forced it to a stand-still. The Tsar had lost control of the country.
4. A parliament that would be elected by the people, civil rights, the right to form political parties, an end to press censorship.
a)duma
b)the duma was fake,
2. IF all the peasents lived in cities, it would be easier for them to make a concerted revolt. The peasents might need to be better educated, which made them more likely to challenge the Tzar. Most industrialized countries at the time had parliaments.
3. Witte invested in railways and other industries.
4. It was not successful because in 1902 there were peasent revolts and there was wide-spread violence due to a bad harvest.
1. Longterm causes: Alienated intelligentsia, revolutionaries, opression of minorities, opression of peasents, and oppression of workers. SHort-term causes: Bloody sunday
2. The catalyst for the 1905 revolution was the Russo-Japanese war. The war caused shortages in food and fuel, as well as high prices and unemployment.
3. Wide-spread strikes throughout the country forced it to a stand-still. The Tsar had lost control of the country.
4. A parliament that would be elected by the people, civil rights, the right to form political parties, an end to press censorship.
a)duma
b)the duma was fake,
Monday, October 4, 2010
Russia, 1861-1905
1. List the general goals of the:
a. socialists
many different goals. A classless society, give the land and industry to government.
b. liberal reformers
wanted to create western constitution and rule of law
2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.
Lasted an average of 35 years. Communes consisted of between four and 80 households. Needs of family before needs of individual.
3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.
Abolished serfdom, introduced jury trials, relaxed censorship laws, created local elected assemblies called "zemstvos"
4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874?
They thought they could convince the "simple folk" to revolt against the government.
5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.
.5 million peasents died. The famine created an awakening among Russian intellectuals.
6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?
It was one of the only books the Russian Censors ignored. His ideas offered an explanation for the causes of the famine. Intellectuals believed his ideas could Europeanize Russia.
7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)
a. Liberal Democrats
Wanted a European style government with more rights for the people. They came largely of the middle class.
b. Socialist Revolutionaries
They wanted to socialize all land and transfer it to the communes and create a social democracy. Supported violent revolution.
c. Social Democrats
Believed in Marxism, wanted a workers revolution. Split into two parties: the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?
They no longer saw him as a benevolent protector of the people. The people wanted revolution.
9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto.
a limited monarchy, legislature elected by universal suffrage, expansion of civil liberties, legalization of trade unions and political parties.
a. socialists
many different goals. A classless society, give the land and industry to government.
b. liberal reformers
wanted to create western constitution and rule of law
2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.
Lasted an average of 35 years. Communes consisted of between four and 80 households. Needs of family before needs of individual.
3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.
Abolished serfdom, introduced jury trials, relaxed censorship laws, created local elected assemblies called "zemstvos"
4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874?
They thought they could convince the "simple folk" to revolt against the government.
5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.
.5 million peasents died. The famine created an awakening among Russian intellectuals.
6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?
It was one of the only books the Russian Censors ignored. His ideas offered an explanation for the causes of the famine. Intellectuals believed his ideas could Europeanize Russia.
7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)
a. Liberal Democrats
Wanted a European style government with more rights for the people. They came largely of the middle class.
b. Socialist Revolutionaries
They wanted to socialize all land and transfer it to the communes and create a social democracy. Supported violent revolution.
c. Social Democrats
Believed in Marxism, wanted a workers revolution. Split into two parties: the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?
They no longer saw him as a benevolent protector of the people. The people wanted revolution.
9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto.
a limited monarchy, legislature elected by universal suffrage, expansion of civil liberties, legalization of trade unions and political parties.
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